SOCIOLOGY CLASS-XII
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
सामाजिक आंदोलन
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Where a group of people come together in order to bring about change in society in regard to certain social issues with the aim of changing people’s perspectives about that aspect.
Dissent is a form of dissatisfaction that people feel about a certain issue and when it comes out openly it is in the form of a protest.
During colonial rule,There were many social reformers who wanted to change the life of the depressed class and few social evils.
Now social movements are present today also but the issues have changed.
*Requires sustained collective action over time. Such action is often directed against the state and takes the form of demanding changes in state policy or practice.
*Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation. This organisation may include a leadership and a structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and carry them out.
*Those participating in a social movement also have shared objectives and ideologies. A social movement has a general orientation or way of approaching to bring about (or to prevent) change.
When Raja Rammohun Roy campaigned against sati and formed the Brahmo Samaj, defenders of sati formed Dharma Sabha and petitioned the British not to legislate against sati.
When reformers demanded education for girls, many protested that this would be disastrous for society.
Proposals for extending reservation in educational institutions have led to counter movements opposing them.
Acts of social movement
While protest is the most visible form of collective action, a social movement also acts in other, equally important, ways.
Social movement activists hold meetings to mobilise people around the issues that concern them. Such activities help shared understanding, and also prepare for a feeling of agreement or consensus about how to pursue the collective agenda.
Social movements also chart out campaigns that include lobbying with the government, media and other important makers of public opinion.
Social movements also develop distinct modes of protest. This could be candle and torch light processions, use of black cloth, street theatres, songs, poetry.
Gandhi adopted novel ways such as ahimsa, satyagraha and his use of the charkha in the freedom movement.
Difference between social change and social movement
Social Change
Continuous and Ongoing process.
The sum total of countless individual and collective actions gathered across time and space.
Social Movement
Sociology and Social Movements
* In an country, social movements aims at changing some aspect of society.
French revolution against monarchy when people were suffering, depressed and wanted freedom and equality.
Industrial Revolt (Britain) – protest by common man paid low wages and treated badly.
* According to Emile Durkheim, social movement can lead to disintegration/disorder of
society. Society is more important than individual.
Spoke about division of labour, social facts, suicide and religion.
* Social movements usually aim at improving the life of depressed class and sociology is
the study of society.
Poor people/depressed section express themselves through protests as they have no other way of doing so.
Theories of Social Movements
Theory of Relative Deprivation
Everyone is deprived of something but every deprivation does not lead to social movements.
However this theory states that when a particular, group is deprived by any basic necessity it will lead to a social movement.
Given by Olson who states that every individual who is part of a social movement have a self-interest. As soon as their self-interest is fulfilled they leave the social movement.
The basis of this theory is humans rational thinking why should I be part of a social movement if I don’t benefit.
Theory of Resource Mobilisation
Given by McCarthy and Zald, rejected Olson’s assumption
They said everyone in a social movement need not have self interest.
They said social movement is successful if one is able to mobilise resources (people, economic resources, political support, leadership, organisational capacity, and communication facilities).
Limitations
According to Sociologists people can create resources such as new symbols and identities. As numerous poor people’s movements show, scarcity of resources need not be a constraint. Even with an initial limited material resources and organisational base, a movement can generate resources through the process of struggle. T
e.g. Freedom struggle – no money, political power but generated resources in man power, good leader etc.
Types of Social Movements
Reformist Movement Strive to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual, incremental steps. eg. Right to Information campaign
Revolutionary Movement is a movement where radical or violent methods are used to bring about change in society. Attempt to radically transform social relations, often by capturing state power
e.g Subash Chandra Bose – Indian National Army, Bhagat Singh, The Bolshevik revolution in Russia
Most social movements have a mix of redemptive, reformist and revolutionary elements.
Old Movement New Movements
1. Most have links with political parties and they were very imp. e.g freedom struggle INC 1. Do not have links to politics parties. May sometimes oppose the practices of govt., e.g workers movement.
2. Main aim
Saw the reorganization of power relationships. 2. Main aimaddress social issues, no change in power relationships.
3. Usually to do with economic inequality. 3. Involves economic, social, political and cultural inequality.
4. Usually concerned with the lower or depressed class like women and dalits e.g Arya Samaj. 4. To do with all classes and all castes e.g workers movement. Tribal movement
Ecological Movement
Any movement to do with the environment.
It is a new problems.
It was not there in the past.
Have come up in the last 2-3 decades.
Chipko Movement – is a movement which was not ordy economic aspect, it affected all aspect.
Economic
When contractors from cities came to cut down the trees, the women and children went and hugged the trees.
Reason being they were dependent on the forest for their livelihood (grazing, fodder, firewood, food and gathering).
Political
Villagers were unhappy that politicians sitting in the cities were dictating terms and they knew politicians were not concerned about their livelihood.
It became popular, mass media was important in spreading the news and people started their own movements in their own states.
Class Based Movement
Peasant Movement
1. Pre-Colonial: There were movements, but they were not localised so we did not know
about them as peasants were too scared to form their own movements. They were poor
and could not mobilise people.
2. Colonial
(i) 19th Century – Some revolts did become quite popular.
(ii) Bengal Revolt – Indigo plantations by Gandhi during 1917 – 1920 when he came
back from South Africa he traveled all across India helping people.
There were 2 important movements.
(i) Champaran
(ii) Bardoli
1920 there were a lot of revolts to do with forest.
Organisations formed: All India Kissan Sabha (AlKS), Bihar Provincial Kissan Sabha
After Independence
Telangana Movement (West Bengal).
Farmers had to give 50% profit to government.
They wanted 2/3
(60%) profit and give remairdng 1/3 to the govt 
sharecroppers (supported by CPI and AIKS).
Telangana Movement (Andhra Pradesh).
They were against the Feudal System.
Peasants protested against the Nizams rule.
They wanted proper working system.
It was supported by CPI.
Naxalbari – in West Bengal it started off as peasant movement and slowly became New Farmers Movement
Started off by farmers in a few places like Tamil Nadu, Punjab.
Farmers put money together and built roads etc as they were tired of the politicians faked promises and they did all the work and they did not let the government vehicles pass.
No support from government parties.
Anti urban and anti government.
Worked for years for administration to help them but since they got no help they did it on their own. Mainly connected with market.
Prices reduced more support from government reduce taxes, subsidiaries, support price, easy loans, stop exploitation, methods they used to show their displeasure.
Bandhs, blocked roads and railways. No politicians, administrators on the road. New farmers movements slowly took under its wings women issues and ecological issues.
Workers Movement
During the colonial period, the workers had their own problems.
Chennai, Bombay, Calcutta
Initially problems were to do with wages, working conditions.
Trade unions – consists of workers themselves,
They form an association.
Initially the protest was localised but national movement picked up momentum and so the workers movement picked up momentum.
bi the early 20th Century there were textile strikes, workers strikes
Calcutta – Jute mill
Chennai & Bombay – Textile mill
Trade unions were established
TLA (textile labour association) – Gandhi ji
AITUC (all India trade union congress) – B.P. Wadia
Old movements were supported by a political party. Some supported by radicals and modulate. ‘
When ATTUC was formed, the Britishers became very cautious.
Many laws were passed by the Britishers which had its own rules and regulations as Trade Union Act.
Slowly AITUC became very powerful and were supported by the communists.
They formed – Indian National Trade Union Congress
The Radicals and Congress moved away AITUC became very powerful at local, regional, national level.
1960’s
During recession period many became jobless.
There was inflation and protests
1970’s
There were many railway strikes main urban of transport.
Demanding better wages and working conditions.
During emergency no protests allowed.
Caste Based Movement
Dalit movements:They are different from other movements as they were fighting for self-respect and dignity.
They wanted to be touched.
It was a struggle against discrimination.
The concept of untouchability was to be abolished.
Concept of untouchability had connections with destiny and pollution purity.
Dalit movement took place all over India and each dalit movement had a different issue/ agenda but they also fought for dignity and self-respect.
Satnami Movement – Chattisgarh
Mahar Movement – Maharashtra
Adi Dharma Movement – Punjab
Anti Brahman Movement – South India
Dalit Panther Movement.
Dalit movement could be ignored in the past but not now due to media.
Dalit literature became popular because it was poems, dramas, songs, stories about their lives and sufferings etc.
This led to the change in the mindset of people and emphasized the fighting for self dignity by Dalits and to bring about change in all aspects of life.
Reservations are a result of dalit movement.
OBC Movement
Other backward classes
Economically backward but are part of the forward caste.
Don’t suffer from untouchability.
OBC was first used in Madras and Bombay for those who were economically backward
AIBCL/F – All India Backward classes League/Federation.
Tribal Movement
Jharkhand:
Issues against which agitation took place were:
acquisition of land for irrigation projects
survey and settlement operations
collection of loans, rents and dues
nationalization of forest produce
shared hatred for Dikus because:
they were migrant traders and money-lenders who settles in the area and grabbed its wealth
they received the benefits of the mining and industrial projects
Literacy was spread by Christian missionaries in the area which allowed literate adivasis to research and write about their histories. This helped create a shared identity and a unified ethnic consciousness among the Jharkhandis.
The social movement had a charismatic leader in Birsa Munda who remained an icon of the movement even after this death.
Adivasi experiences of marginalization and their sense of injustice were mobilized to create a shared Jharkhandi identity and inspire collective actions which finally lead to the formation of the state of Jharkhand, carved out of south Bihar in 2000.
North east
Women's Movement
The early 20th century saw the growth of women’s organisations at a national and local level. Many began with a limited focus, but extended their focus over time.
It is often assumed that only middle class educated women were involved in social movements
Post-1947 period:
Mid 1970s: renewal of women’s movement in India. Also called the second phase of women’s movement.
Growth of autonomous women’s movements (independent from political parties).
New issues (like violence against women, land rights, employment, sexual harassment, dowry etc.) were taken up.
Greater recognition of difference in the kind of discrimination suffered by women on different levels.
Greater recognition of both men and women being constrained by dominant gender identities.
*Dissent (dissatisfaction)
*Protest (where it comes out openly)
*Social Movement (may or may not lead).
*Protest (where it comes out openly)
*Social Movement (may or may not lead).
Dissent is a form of dissatisfaction that people feel about a certain issue and when it comes out openly it is in the form of a protest.
During colonial rule,There were many social reformers who wanted to change the life of the depressed class and few social evils.
Now social movements are present today also but the issues have changed.
They have become global and have a difference there e.g. environment, domestic violence etc.
Features of Social Movement
Features of Social Movement
*Requires sustained collective action over time. Such action is often directed against the state and takes the form of demanding changes in state policy or practice.
*Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation. This organisation may include a leadership and a structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and carry them out.
*Those participating in a social movement also have shared objectives and ideologies. A social movement has a general orientation or way of approaching to bring about (or to prevent) change.
*Social movements often arise with the aim of bringing about changes on a
public issue, such as ensuring the right of the tribal population to use the
forests or the right of displaced people to settlement and compensation.
These defining features are not constant. They may change over the course of a social movement’s life.
Social movements cannot change society easily. Since it goes against both entrenched interests and values, there is bound to be opposition and resistance. But over a period of time changes do take place.
Counter Movement
Counter Movement
Counter movements sometimes arise in defence of status quo.
When Raja Rammohun Roy campaigned against sati and formed the Brahmo Samaj, defenders of sati formed Dharma Sabha and petitioned the British not to legislate against sati.
When reformers demanded education for girls, many protested that this would be disastrous for society.
When reformers campaigned for widow remarriage, they were socially boycotted.
When the so called ‘lower caste’ children enrolled in schools, some so called ‘upper caste’ children were withdrawn from the schools by their families.
Proposals for extending reservation in educational institutions have led to counter movements opposing them.
Acts of social movement
While protest is the most visible form of collective action, a social movement also acts in other, equally important, ways.
Social movement activists hold meetings to mobilise people around the issues that concern them. Such activities help shared understanding, and also prepare for a feeling of agreement or consensus about how to pursue the collective agenda.
Social movements also chart out campaigns that include lobbying with the government, media and other important makers of public opinion.
Social movements also develop distinct modes of protest. This could be candle and torch light processions, use of black cloth, street theatres, songs, poetry.
Gandhi adopted novel ways such as ahimsa, satyagraha and his use of the charkha in the freedom movement.
Difference between social change and social movement
Social Change
Continuous and Ongoing process.
The sum total of countless individual and collective actions gathered across time and space.
Social Movement
Directed towards some specific goals.
It involves long and continuous social effort and action by people.
Sociology and Social Movements
From the very beginning, the discipline of sociology has been interested in social movements.
* In an country, social movements aims at changing some aspect of society.
French revolution against monarchy when people were suffering, depressed and wanted freedom and equality.
Industrial Revolt (Britain) – protest by common man paid low wages and treated badly.
* According to Emile Durkheim, social movement can lead to disintegration/disorder of
society. Society is more important than individual.
Spoke about division of labour, social facts, suicide and religion.
* Social movements usually aim at improving the life of depressed class and sociology is
the study of society.
Poor people/depressed section express themselves through protests as they have no other way of doing so.
Theories of Social Movements
Theory of Relative Deprivation
Everyone is deprived of something but every deprivation does not lead to social movements.
However this theory states that when a particular, group is deprived by any basic necessity it will lead to a social movement.
The basis of this theory is that the individual
* Feels resentful (unhappy with situation)
* Has a psychological factor which convinces them that they are deprived.
Limitations
Every deprivation should not or will not lead to a social movement.
Deprivation is not enough for a social movement.
Theory of collective action
* Feels resentful (unhappy with situation)
* Has a psychological factor which convinces them that they are deprived.
Limitations
Every deprivation should not or will not lead to a social movement.
Deprivation is not enough for a social movement.
Theory of collective action
Given by Olson who states that every individual who is part of a social movement have a self-interest. As soon as their self-interest is fulfilled they leave the social movement.
The basis of this theory is humans rational thinking why should I be part of a social movement if I don’t benefit.
Theory of Resource Mobilisation
Given by McCarthy and Zald, rejected Olson’s assumption
They said everyone in a social movement need not have self interest.
They said social movement is successful if one is able to mobilise resources (people, economic resources, political support, leadership, organisational capacity, and communication facilities).
Limitations
According to Sociologists people can create resources such as new symbols and identities. As numerous poor people’s movements show, scarcity of resources need not be a constraint. Even with an initial limited material resources and organisational base, a movement can generate resources through the process of struggle. T
e.g. Freedom struggle – no money, political power but generated resources in man power, good leader etc.
Types of Social Movements
Redemptive Movement Aims to bring about a change in the personal
consciousness and actions of its individual members. It lies to change the thinking of the people.
e.g. people in the Ezhava community in Kerala were led by Narayana Guru to change their social practices.
Reformist Movement Strive to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual, incremental steps. eg. Right to Information campaign
Revolutionary Movement is a movement where radical or violent methods are used to bring about change in society. Attempt to radically transform social relations, often by capturing state power
e.g Subash Chandra Bose – Indian National Army, Bhagat Singh, The Bolshevik revolution in Russia
Most social movements have a mix of redemptive, reformist and revolutionary elements.
Old Movement New Movements
1. Most have links with political parties and they were very imp. e.g freedom struggle INC 1. Do not have links to politics parties. May sometimes oppose the practices of govt., e.g workers movement.
2. Main aim
3. Usually to do with economic inequality. 3. Involves economic, social, political and cultural inequality.
4. Usually concerned with the lower or depressed class like women and dalits e.g Arya Samaj. 4. To do with all classes and all castes e.g workers movement. Tribal movement
Ecological Movement
Any movement to do with the environment.
It is a new problems.
It was not there in the past.
Have come up in the last 2-3 decades.
Chipko Movement – is a movement which was not ordy economic aspect, it affected all aspect.
Economic
When contractors from cities came to cut down the trees, the women and children went and hugged the trees.
Reason being they were dependent on the forest for their livelihood (grazing, fodder, firewood, food and gathering).
Political
Villagers were unhappy that politicians sitting in the cities were dictating terms and they knew politicians were not concerned about their livelihood.
It became popular, mass media was important in spreading the news and people started their own movements in their own states.
Class Based Movement
Peasant Movement
1. Pre-Colonial: There were movements, but they were not localised so we did not know
about them as peasants were too scared to form their own movements. They were poor
and could not mobilise people.
2. Colonial
(i) 19th Century – Some revolts did become quite popular.
(ii) Bengal Revolt – Indigo plantations by Gandhi during 1917 – 1920 when he came
back from South Africa he traveled all across India helping people.
There were 2 important movements.
(i) Champaran
(ii) Bardoli
1920 there were a lot of revolts to do with forest.
Organisations formed: All India Kissan Sabha (AlKS), Bihar Provincial Kissan Sabha
After Independence
Telangana Movement (West Bengal).
Farmers had to give 50% profit to government.
They wanted 2/3
Telangana Movement (Andhra Pradesh).
They were against the Feudal System.
Peasants protested against the Nizams rule.
They wanted proper working system.
It was supported by CPI.
Naxalbari – in West Bengal it started off as peasant movement and slowly became New Farmers Movement
Started off by farmers in a few places like Tamil Nadu, Punjab.
Farmers put money together and built roads etc as they were tired of the politicians faked promises and they did all the work and they did not let the government vehicles pass.
No support from government parties.
Anti urban and anti government.
Worked for years for administration to help them but since they got no help they did it on their own. Mainly connected with market.
Prices reduced more support from government reduce taxes, subsidiaries, support price, easy loans, stop exploitation, methods they used to show their displeasure.
Bandhs, blocked roads and railways. No politicians, administrators on the road. New farmers movements slowly took under its wings women issues and ecological issues.
Workers Movement
During the colonial period, the workers had their own problems.
Chennai, Bombay, Calcutta
Initially problems were to do with wages, working conditions.
Trade unions – consists of workers themselves,
They form an association.
Initially the protest was localised but national movement picked up momentum and so the workers movement picked up momentum.
bi the early 20th Century there were textile strikes, workers strikes
Calcutta – Jute mill
Chennai & Bombay – Textile mill
Trade unions were established
TLA (textile labour association) – Gandhi ji
AITUC (all India trade union congress) – B.P. Wadia
Old movements were supported by a political party. Some supported by radicals and modulate. ‘
When ATTUC was formed, the Britishers became very cautious.
Many laws were passed by the Britishers which had its own rules and regulations as Trade Union Act.
Slowly AITUC became very powerful and were supported by the communists.
They formed – Indian National Trade Union Congress
The Radicals and Congress moved away AITUC became very powerful at local, regional, national level.
1960’s
During recession period many became jobless.
There was inflation and protests
1970’s
There were many railway strikes main urban of transport.
Demanding better wages and working conditions.
During emergency no protests allowed.
Caste Based Movement
Dalit movements:They are different from other movements as they were fighting for self-respect and dignity.
They wanted to be touched.
It was a struggle against discrimination.
The concept of untouchability was to be abolished.
Concept of untouchability had connections with destiny and pollution purity.
Dalit movement took place all over India and each dalit movement had a different issue/ agenda but they also fought for dignity and self-respect.
Satnami Movement – Chattisgarh
Mahar Movement – Maharashtra
Adi Dharma Movement – Punjab
Anti Brahman Movement – South India
Dalit Panther Movement.
Dalit movement could be ignored in the past but not now due to media.
Dalit literature became popular because it was poems, dramas, songs, stories about their lives and sufferings etc.
This led to the change in the mindset of people and emphasized the fighting for self dignity by Dalits and to bring about change in all aspects of life.
Reservations are a result of dalit movement.
OBC Movement
Other backward classes
Economically backward but are part of the forward caste.
Don’t suffer from untouchability.
OBC was first used in Madras and Bombay for those who were economically backward
AIBCL/F – All India Backward classes League/Federation.
Tribal Movement
Jharkhand:
Issues against which agitation took place were:
acquisition of land for irrigation projects
survey and settlement operations
collection of loans, rents and dues
nationalization of forest produce
shared hatred for Dikus because:
they were migrant traders and money-lenders who settles in the area and grabbed its wealth
they received the benefits of the mining and industrial projects
Literacy was spread by Christian missionaries in the area which allowed literate adivasis to research and write about their histories. This helped create a shared identity and a unified ethnic consciousness among the Jharkhandis.
The social movement had a charismatic leader in Birsa Munda who remained an icon of the movement even after this death.
Adivasi experiences of marginalization and their sense of injustice were mobilized to create a shared Jharkhandi identity and inspire collective actions which finally lead to the formation of the state of Jharkhand, carved out of south Bihar in 2000.
North east
Women's Movement
The early 20th century saw the growth of women’s organisations at a national and local level. Many began with a limited focus, but extended their focus over time.
It is often assumed that only middle class educated women were involved in social movements
Post-1947 period:
Mid 1970s: renewal of women’s movement in India. Also called the second phase of women’s movement.
Growth of autonomous women’s movements (independent from political parties).
New issues (like violence against women, land rights, employment, sexual harassment, dowry etc.) were taken up.
Greater recognition of difference in the kind of discrimination suffered by women on different levels.
Greater recognition of both men and women being constrained by dominant gender identities.