SOCIOLOGY CLASS-XII
The Demographic Structure of the Indian
Society
भारतीय समाज की जनसांख्यिकीय संरचना
Demography (जनसांख्यिकी)
- Greek origin word.
- Composed of two words- demos (people) and graphein (describe), description of people.
- So, Demography means a systematic study of population.
- It
studies birth rate, death rate, migration, sex ratio etc.
- Two types of
Demography
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Formal demography आकारिक जनसांख्यिकी
It concerned with quantitative analysis (मात्रात्मक विश्लेषण) and measurement of population change. (Statistics, numbers) i.e., total population, number of males, number of females, number of youth, working population,
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Social demography सामाजिक जनसांख्यिकी It deals with social, economic and political aspects of population. (causes and consequences) birth rate, death rate and migration |
The Malthusian Theory of Population Growth (माल्थस जनसंख्या वृद्धि के सिद्धांत)
· According to him two things that matters in this theory-
-Population(जनसंख्या)
-Means of subsistence (भरण पोषण के साधन) (Food, Clothing, Agricultural products).
· He argued that Population increases at a much faster rate than the means of subsistence and create imbalance.
· Population rises in geometric progression (ज्यामितीय) (i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 etc.)
· Means of subsistence grows in arithmetic progression (गणितीय) (i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc.)
· Population is growing uncontrollably which leads to poverty, hunger, starvation
· Prosperity can be achieved by controlling the growth of population.
· He suggested two solutions-
1) Positive checks (प्राकृतिक निरोध) – Natural disasters like famines, diseases, earthquakes….
2) Preventive checks (कृत्रिम निरोध) – Human made like late marriage, sexual abstinence, celibacy….
Criticism (आलोचना) of Malthusian theory: By the historical experience of European countries Malthus predictions were proved false because
- Food production and standards of living rise despite rapid population growth.
- Poverty and starvation were caused due to unequal distribution of economic resources not due to rise in population.
Common concepts & Indicators (सामान्य संकल्पनाएँ एवं संकेत्क)
* Birth rate (जन्म दर ): Number of live births in a given area during a specified time per 1000
population.
* Death rate (मृत्यु दर ): Number of deaths in given area during a specified time per 1000
population.
* Rate of natural increases/ Growth rate (प्राकृतिक वृद्धि दर/ जनसंख्या संवृद्धि): Difference between birth rate and death rate.
When the difference is Zero (or very small) then the population has stabilised (स्थिर) (Parents replaced by 2 children) or has reached the Replacement Level (प्रतिस्थापन स्तर) which means new generations replaces the older generations.
Negative growth rate (ऋणात्मक संवृद्धि) - Fertility levels are below the replacement rate. (No, of people replacing the older generation are less)
* Fertility rate (प्रजनन दर): Number of live birth per 1000 women in the child bearing age group of 15-49 years.
* Total Fertility rate (सकल प्रजनन दर): Number of women who give birth to child bearing age group of 15-49 years in a particular area.
* Infant mortality rate (शिशु मृत्यु दर): Number of death of babies before the age of one year per 1000 live births.
*Maternal mortality rate (मातृ मृत्यु दर): Number of women dying in child birth per 1000 live birth.
Reason for High Infant & Maternal mortality- Backwardness, Poverty, Lack of awareness.
- Severe neglect of girl babies in infancy, leading to higher death rates,
- Sex specific abortions that prevent girl babies from being born,
- Female infanticide
- Age Structure of the population (जनसंख्या की आयु संरचना)
Literacy is a prerequisite (आधार) to education & is an instrument of empowerment (शक्ति संपन्न).
- The more literate the population the greater the consciousness of career options, as well as participation in the knowledge economy.
- It can lead to health awareness and fuller participation in the cultural and economic well being of the community.
- It varies across social groups, gender & across regions. Historically disadvantaged communities like the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have lower rates of literacy and rates of female literacy within these groups are even lower.
- Regional variations are still very wide, with states like Kerala approaching universal literacy, while states like Bihar are lagging far behind.
- Acc. to 2011 census, 69% people live in rural areas.
- But Industrial-Urban way of life declines agrarian-rural way of life. Agricultural contribution has been fallen drastically. Rural people engaged in non- farm activities.
- The mass media & communication channels are bringing images of urban life styles & patterns of consumption into the rural villages, this bridges the gap between rural & urban.
- Those who cannot find work (or sufficient work) in the rural areas go to the city in search of work.
Rural-to-urban migration has also been accelerated by the continuous decline of common property resources like ponds, forests and grazing lands.
Now, these resources have been turned into private property, or they are exhausted. (Ponds may run dry or no longer provide enough fish, forests may have been cut down and have vanished)
People no longer have access to these resources, but on the other hand have to buy many things in the market that they used to get free (fuel,food items). The opportunities for earning income are limited in the villages.
- The city- an attractive destination for the villagers. It also may be preferred for social reasons, specially the relative anonymity (गुमनामी) it offers.
That urban life involves interaction with strangers can be an advantage for the socially oppressed groups like the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, this may offer some partial protection from the daily humiliation, they may suffer in the village where everyone knows their caste identity.
The anonymity of the city also allows the poorer sections of the socially dominant rural groups to engage in low status work that they would not be able to do in the village.
- The rapid growth in urbanisation- big cities- the metropolises have been attracting the rural population.
- India was the first country to announce National Family Planning Programme(NFPP) राष्ट्रीय परिवार नियोजन कार्यक्रम policy in 1952.
- NFPP objectives were to slow down the rate of population growth through birth-control methods, improve public health standards and increase public awareness on health issues.
- The NFPP suffered a setback during the National Emergency(1975-1976)
- Mass sterilization (वंध्यकरण) programme was forcibly performed in the camps. Vasectomy (नसबंदी) for men & Tubectomy (नालिकबंदी)for women.
- Success of the family planning programme.
- Failures of the family planning programme
- After emergency the new Govt. elected & The National Family Planning Programme renamed as the National Family Welfare Program (राष्ट्रीय परिवार कल्याण कार्यक्रम) with new set of guidelines to achieve the objectives.